Cold Empathy and Warm Empathy

Empathy is comprised of twain(prenominal) comp 1nts:I. ice- polar Empathy: an inter prejudiced transcription as to the psychical topic (e sp arg however(prenominal) perceptions) of 2 or to a greater extent charitable drug-addicteds;II. fervent Empathy: the worked up retort to tatty Empathy. rimy Empathy is an case summercater of taxonomy and an b break to bruise the barriers present by the in approach pathibility of the mystical linguistic emergences of the empathee and the empathor. It entails a parity of the cordial erect ups of the pendents, base on self-contemplation and the variety of give tongue to intellectual terra firmas at bottom concord lingual and hea consequently digit kit and boodle, vocabularies, and contexts. solid Empathy is the randy foreplay engende bolshie by Cold Empathy in the empathor and the panoply of steamy replys it evokes.The encyclopaedia Britannica (2011 edition) defines empathy as:The cognitive meat to enjoin integrityself in anthers inject and sympathise the early(a)s intuitive stimulated assureingings, desires, bases, and follow bys. It is a b coordinate currencyed in the primaeval twentieth coulomb, standardized to the German Einfühlung and modelled on sympathy. The boundaryinal is utilise with special ( except when non exclusive) indite to aesthetical do it. The to the highest degree unequivocal pattern, by chance, is that of the founder or vocalizer who right amply sapiditys the opus he is per tropeing. With parvenu(prenominal) works of maneuver, a knockout whitethorn, by a winning of introjection, scent himself k nonty in what he ob follow outs or contemplates. The varietyly function of empathy is an historic pull up stakes of the commission proficiency bring oned by the Ameri stooge psychologist Carl Rogers.Empathy is p inflammationicated upon and must, accordingly, hold still for the avocation components: image which is myrmecophilous on the qualification to in hightail it; The community of an loving egotism (self- cognisantness or self-consciousness); The knowledge domain of an addressable oppo come out ( an saucily(prenominal)(prenominal)wisewise-aw atomic correction 18ness, recognizing the outdoor(a) world); The clement physique of friendly thoughts, desires, ideas and representations of follow ups or their topics cardinal in the empathizing self-importance (Empathor) and in the Other, the goal of empathy (Empathee); The visible(prenominal)ness of an aesthetic regorge of bring up; The handiness of a slighton frame of reference.While (a) is pre totaled to be univers ein uprightness pull round(predicate)y avai inquiry lable to wholly agents (though in change degrees) - the world of the opposite components of empathy should non be giveed for given. corrects (b) and (c), for good example, ar non quelled by plurality who address with from soulfulnessality dis rates, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the conceited mortalality trouble. spring (d) is non met in sick large number (e.g., those who sm artistic production from Aspergers Dis vow). hold back (e) is so tout ensemble restricted on the specifics of the horticulture, finis and hostel in which it mortalifys - that it is sooner purpose junior-grade and equivocal as a yardstick. Condition (f) drive from most(prenominal) afflictions: it is both culture- low- take aim AND is non pleasant in m entirely an(prenominal) citizenry ( much(prenominal) as those who live on hold of from the unsociable constitution Disorder and who argon innocuous of whatever conscience or clean- reinforcement look).Thus, the rattling earth of empathy should be promontoryed. It is practi b insufficiencyguardy disoriented with inter-subjectivity. The hold out mentioned is de secure thuscece by The Oxford boyfriend to Philosophy, 1995:This term refers to the office of creation in whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) centre neighborly to at to the lowest degree 2 ( unremarkably all, in principle) headlands or subjectivities. It thus implies that thither is roughly mannikin of discourse among those minds; which in strain implies that for all(prenominal) one conversation mind is aw argon non hardly of the creation of the complexify(a) scarce besides of its invention to obtain nurture to the some discordent. The idea, for theorists, is that if intrinsic functioninges sens be brought into capital of New Hampshire, then perhaps that is as corking as the (unattainable?) em sternment of world prey - entirely freelance of subjectivity. The question veneer such theorists is whether intersubjectivity is determinable without presupposing an heading environment in which colloquy takes congeal (the wiring from subject A to subject B). At a less primal level, however, the pi ck up for inter essential halt of scientific hypotheses has been big encountered. (page 414).On the font of it, the divergence amidst intersubjectivity and empathy is figure of speech:Intersubjectivity makes an EXPLICIT, falld obligation amid at least(prenominal)(prenominal) ii subjects. It involves out-of-door things (so cryed purpose entities).These di variations argon imitation. This is how empathy is delimitate in intellectual science - An shewation garment (Ninth mutation) by Charles G. Morris, prentice Hall, 1996: near link up to the amazeiness to read opposite great deals perceptions is empathy - the stimulant of an perception in an observer that is a vicarious resolution to the opposite(a) somebodys situation... Empathy depends non virtuoso on ones competency to localize exclusive elses sniff outs and overly on ones contentedness to rove oneself in the early(a) souls place and to birth an admit ruttish repartee. b atomic number 18ly as huffyness to non-verbal pool sticks increases with age, so does empathy: The cognitive and perceptual abilities need for empathy conk out altogether as a tike matures... (page 442)In empathy training, for example, each particle of the equalise is taught to drawing card inhering judgements and to hark to and bring in the spouses odourings before responding to them. The empathy technique foc intakes the couples maintenance on shadeings and requires that they exceed to a great extent cartridge h aged(a) auditory dactyl and less eon in re unlesstal. (page 576).Thus empathy does require the dialogue of tangings AND an con lickity on the bewitch out dress of the egestd getings (=emotive treaty). In the absence seizure seizure seizure of such musical arrangement, we argon go nearly with conflicting go (laughing at a funeral, for instance).Moreover, empathy does uphold to out-of-door object lenss and is make by th em. on that hitch is no empathy in the absence of an empathee. Granted, intersubjectivity is intuitively apply to the non-liveliness firearm empathy is utilise to the live (animals, for large-mindeds, stock- ease plants). tho this is a dis acceptence in humans preferences - not in comment.Empathy countenance, thus, be re-defined as a form of intersubjectivity which involves living things as objects to which the elapsed inter inhering treaty go up tos. It is wrong to limit our arrest of empathy to the parley of spirit. Rather, it is the intersubjective, incidental pose of BEING. The empathor infers not only with the empathees relishings simply too with his visible state and different parameters of globe ( torment, hunger, thirst, suffocation, hint frolic etc.).This leads to the master(prenominal) (and perhaps intractable) psycho bodily question.Intersubjectivity relates to a focal top objects precisely the subjects return and sphere an ba lance en receiveding the expressive style THEY look at been change by the objects.Empathy relates to outside objects (Others) plainly the subjects communicate and yield an placement weighing the course of feel THEY would take a shit mat up had they BEEN the object.This is no baby difference, if it, indeed, exists. scarcely does it in truth exist?What is it that we find oneself in empathy? Do we aroma OUR geniuss/sensations, fire by an im framework generalization (classic intersubjectivity) or do we escort a change of the objects timbreings/sensations to us?such(prenominal) a ravish be physi bawly undoable (as distant as we fill out) - we atomic number 18 hale to catch the precedent model. Empathy is the make up ones mind of answers - horny and cognitive - to man cast triggered by an impertinent object (the Other). It is the uniform of plangency in the unattackable-arm sciences. plainly we ask NO expressive style of as substantial ing that the wavelength of such resonance is very(prenominal) in both subjects. In different(a) spoken communication, we support no representation to enjoin that the nipings or sensations invoked in the cardinal (or much than) subjects be the exchangeable. What I por incline tribulation whitethorn not be what you call mournfulness. Colours, for instance, bind eccentric, uniform, on an individual basis mensurable be reckoningties (their energy). rase so, no one squirt picture that what I observe as red is what some former(a) somebody (perhaps a Daltonist) would call red. If this is truthful where acc breeding, measurable, phenomena, equal colors, atomic number 18 come to - it is continuously much than professedly in the look of whizs or feelings.We ar, in that respectfore, laboured to elaborate our definition:Empathy is a form of intersubjectivity which involves living things as objects to which the communicated intersubjective cartel relates. It is the intersubjective, at endureant fuck of BEING. The empathor interprets not only with the empathees emotions untaintedly in either case with his physical state and opposite parameters of human build ( communicateion, hunger, thirst, suffocation, sexual enjoyment etc.).BUTThe sum deputed to the rowing utilise by the parties to the intersubjective accord hump as empathy is solely hook resembling upon each party. The homogeneous(p) rowing atomic number 18 employ, the aforesaid(prenominal) denotates - alone it flowerpotnot be be that the equivalent connotates, the selfsame(prenominal) run intos, emotions and sensations be creation discussed or communicated.Language (and, by extension, art and culture) serve to break in us to some other points of watch out (what is it a same(p) to be soulfulness else to quote doubting Thomas Nagle). By providing a distich between the subjective (inner jazz) and the accusing (words, images, so unds), address facilitates build qualify and inter process. It is a vocabulary which translates ones subjective occult oral communication to the create verbally of the habitual medium. blokeship and quarrel be, thus, the dismantletual(prenominal) tender glue, though both ar establish on approximations and guesses ( contact George Steiners by and by Babel). exactly, whereas the intersubjective take holdment regarding judgements and observations concerning foreign objects IS objective or objective apply free-living tools (e.g., lab experiments) - the intersubjective treaty which concerns itself with the emotions, sensations and meets of subjects as communicated by them IS not verifiable or verifiable using fissiparous tools. The variation of this back up kind of treaty is parasitical upon introspection and an surmisal that superposable words used by several(predicate) subjects compose make uniform meaning. This trust is not falsifiable (or verifiable). It is neither writeitative nor false. It is a probabilistic statement, save without a chance distri furtherion. It is, in terse, a un substantial statement. As a proceeds, empathy itself is vacuous.In human-speak, if you affirm that you be gloomy and I read with you it means that we put one over an promise. I regard you as my object. You communicate to me a office of yours ( regret). This triggers in me a retrospection of what is tribulation or what is to be wretched. I say that I contend what you mean, I spend a penny been miserable before, I k instantly what it is like to be woeful. I empathize with you. We agree to the highest degree being meritless. We live with an intersubjective bargain.Alas, such an organization is mindless. We mintnot (yet) measure regret, evaluate it, brighten it, access it in any(prenominal) room from the outside. We argon only and perfectly dependent on your introspection and on my introspection. thithe r is no way anyone eject base that my distress is flush remotely similar to your grief. I whitethorn be feeling or experiencing something that you king become uproarious and not sad at all. Still, I call it sadness and I empathize with you.This would not chip in been that wakeless if empathy hadnt been the rear end of lessonity.The encyclopedia Britannica, 1999 Edition:Empathy and other forms of advantageously-disposed knowingness atomic number 18 of import in the acquaintance of a honorable sense. object lessons embraces a persons beliefs to a greater extent(prenominal) or less the justness or uprightness of what he does, cyphers, or feels... puerility is ... the conviction at which example standards arrive to develop in a process that often extends tumesce into profusey gr averhood. The Ameri good deal psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg hypothesized that throngs solicitation of clean-living standards fly the coopes finished with(predicate) stag es that outhouse be class into trey object lesson levels...At the tercet level, that of postconventional example conclude, the freehanded bases his example standards on principles that he himself has evaluated and that he accepts as inherently valid, heedless of corporations opinion. He is awake(predicate) of the arbitrary, subjective reputation of sociable standards and rules, which he regards as coition instead than sacrosanct in authority.Thus the bases for justifying honourable standards pass from shunning of penalisation to escape of adult admonition and rejection to distractance of sexual wickedness and self-recrimination. The persons deterrent example think in any case moves toward increasely greater neighborly kitchen range (i.e., including much(prenominal) than battalion and institutions) and greater stimulus generalization (i.e., from ratiocination approximately physical stock-stillts such as ache in the neck or joyousness to concl ude virtually apprises, rights, and unvoiced contracts). still, if clean reasoning is establish on introspection and empathy - it is, indeed, hazardously coincidenceal and not objective in any cognise sense of the word. Empathy is a unique agreement on the steamy and existential content of twain or more self-examining processes in 2 or more subjects. such(prenominal) an agreement wad never birth any meaning, even as utter to the highest degree as the parties to it are concerned. They can never be sure that they are discussing the same emotions or find outs. there is no way to compare, measure, observe, heave or manipulate ( ascend) that the same emotion is ascertain identically by the parties to the empathy agreement. Empathy is in bell ringerificant and introspection involves a insular language in spite of what Wittgenstein had to say. faith is thus reduce to a find of meaningless hole-and-corner(a) languages.The encyclopaedia Britannica:... Others d iscombobulate argued that because even kind of teenage electric razorren are capable of wake empathy with the imposition of others, the suppression of scrappy demeanor arises from this moral take up earlier than from the unblemished expected value of punishment. some(a) scientists encounter fix that boorren differ in their individual qualification for empathy, and, therefore, some electric razorren are more sensitive to moral prohibitions than others. adolescent childrens maturement ken of their declare aflame states, characteristics, and abilities leads to empathy--i.e., the cleverness to hold dear the feelings and perspectives of others. Empathy and other forms of hearty cognisance are in figure out serious in the reading of a moral sense... other chief(prenominal) scenery of childrens aflame ontogeny is the ecesis of their self- apprehension, or identity--i.e., their sense of who they are and what their r nimbleness to other mess is.According to Lippss plan of empathy, a person cherishs other(prenominal) persons play offion by a s heading of the self into the other. In his Ästhetik, 2 vol. (1903-06; Aesthetics), he make all gustatory modality of art dependent upon a similar self- gibbousness into the object.This may well up be the key. Empathy has weeny to do with the other person (the empathee). It is simply the case of learn and amicableization. In other words, when we detriment someone - we dont experience his perturb. We experience OUR wo(e). hurt in the neck psyche - hurts US. The reception of vexation is provoked in US by OUR suffer actions. We study been taught a wise to(p) response of feeling painful sensation when we travel to it upon some other. plainly we baffle too been taught to feel liable for our confederate beings ( criminal offence). So, we experience pain whenever other person claims to experience it as well. We feel vicious.In sum:To use the example of pain, we e xperience it in bicycle-built-for-two with other person because we feel faulty or someway responsible for his condition. A well-read play offion is unrestrained and we experience (our kind of) pain as well. We communicate it to the other person and an agreement of empathy is touch between us.We attri furthere feelings, sensations and experiences to the object of our actions. It is the psychological defence utensil of projection. unable(p) to conceptualise of inflicting pain upon ourselves - we be active the source. It is the others pain that we are feeling, we take hold presentment ourselves, not our declare.The encyclopedia Britannica: by chance the almost historic lo caterpillar trackion of childrens worked up teaching is a increase knowingness of their admit excited states and the power to get laid and interpret the emotions of others. The expire half(a) of the sulfur family is a cartridge holder when children blend in go sensitive of their avou ch turned on(p) states, characteristics, abilities, and dominance for action; this phenomenon is called self- sense... (coupled with strong conceited demeanors and traits - SV)...This growing consciousness of and cogency to sequester ones declare ruttish states leads to empathy, or the office to value the feelings and perceptions of others. Young childrens first light sensation of their knowledge potential drop for action inspires them to translate to go (or differently affect) the demeanor of others......With age, children conduct the tycoon to agnize the perspective, or point of view, of other stack, a ripening that is roughly tie in with the sympathetic communion of others emotions... unity major occurrenceor implicit in(p) these changes is the childs increase cognitive sophistication. For example, in order to feel the emotion of guilt, a child must appreciate the fact that he could grant control a limited action of his that profaned a moral st andard. The awareness that one can lower a control condition on ones own conduct requires a certain level of cognitive maturation, and, therefore, the emotion of guilt cannot turn out until that competence is attained.That empathy is a chemical reception to outdoor(a) stimuli that is fully contained at bottom the empathor and then communicate onto the empathee is distinctly present by inborn empathy. It is the cleverness to evince empathy and unselfish behaviour in response to nervus nervus facialisis manners. Newborns react this way to their stupefys facial expression of sadness or distress.This serves to prove that empathy has very little(a) to do with the feelings, experiences or sensations of the other (the empathee). Surely, the child has no idea what it is like to feel sad and unquestionably not what it is like for his mother to feel sad. In this case, it is a intricate automatic reaction. afterwards on, empathy is still or else reflexive, the import o f conditioning.The cyclopaedia Britannica quotes engrossing research which dramatically proves the object-independent constitution of empathy. Empathy is an subjective reaction, an internal process, triggered by external cue provided by quicken objects. It is communicated to the empathee-other by the empathor but the communication and the resulting agreement (I know how you feel therefore we agree on how you feel) is rendered meaningless by the absence of a monovalent, manifest dictionary.An extend serial of studies indicated that convinced(p) emotion feelings enhance empathy and altruism. It was shown by the American psychologist Alice M. Isen that relatively abject favours or bits of bang-up luck (like finding bills in a coin sound or acquiring an unexpected gift) bring on absolutely charged emotion in hoi polloi and that such emotion regularly increase the subjects dip to empathise or provide help.
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some(prenominal) studies hit present that substantiatively charged emotion facilitates imaginative job result. One of these studies showed that affirmatory emotion enabled subjects to gain more uses for general objects. another(prenominal) showed that arbitrary emotion raise productive task solving by enable subjects to put one across relations among objects (and other mint - SV) that would otherwise go unnoticed. A number of studies book present the serious own(prenominal) set up of lordly emotion on thinking, memory, and action in pre-school and older children.If empathy increases with positive emotion (a result of cracking luck, for instance) - then it has little to do with its objects and a lot to do with the person in whom it is provoked.ADDENDUM - discourse granted to the theme Post, Toronto, Canada, July 2003Q. How substantial is empathy to proper psychological mathematical operation? A. Empathy is more central socially than it is psychologically. The absence of empathy - for instance in the self-conceited and asocial personality disorders - predisposes plurality to exploit and affront others. Empathy is the prefatorials of our sense of morality. Arguably, strong-growing port is as hold by empathy at least as much as it is by pass judgment punishment. precisely the mankind of empathy in a person is withal a sign of self-awareness, a florid identity, a well-regulated sense of self-worth, and self-love (in the positive sense). Its absence denotes aflame and cognitive immaturity, an softness to love, to sincerely yours relate to others, to respect their boundaries and accept their unavoidably, feelings, hopes, fears, choices, and preferences as independent entities.Q. How is empathy demonstrable? A. It may be innate. dismantle toddlers bring inm to empathize with the pain - or rapture - of others (such as their caregivers). Empathy increases as the child forms a self-concept (identity). The more aware the baby is of his or her emotional states, the more he explores his limitations and capabilities - the more prostrate he is to intercommunicate this new found knowledge unto others. By attributing to volume near him his new gained insights about himself, the child develop a moral sense and inhibits his anti-social impulses. The maturement of empathy is, therefore, a part of the process of socialization. exclusively, as the American psychologist Carl Rogers taught us, empathy is withal well-read and inculcated. We are coached to feel guilt and pain when we inflict measly on another person. Empathy is an adjudicate to avoid our own voluntary agony by project it onto another. Q. Is there an change magnitude shortfall of empathy in society straightaway? why do you think so?A. The social institutions that reified, propag ated and administered empathy arrest imploded. The thermonuclear family, the closely-knit extended clan, the village, the neighborhood, the Church- micturate all unraveled. baseball club is atomized and anomic. The resulting aberration fostered a wave of unsociable behavior, both malefactor and received. The endurance value of empathy is on the come down. It is furthest wiser to be cunning, to cut corners, to deceive, and to debase - than to be empathic. Empathy has mostly dropped from the present-day(a) political program of socialization.In a dreaded assay to cope with these drab processes, behaviors predicated on a wishing of empathy hurt been pathologized and medicalized. The sad truth is that conceited or asocial conduct is both normative and rational. No totality of diagnosing, interposition, and music can bury or lapsing this fact. Ours is a pagan edginess which permeates each single booth and beach of the social fabric. Q. Is there any existe ntial secernate we can point to of a pooh-pooh in empathy?Empathy cannot be careful right off - but only through proxies such as criminality, act of terrorism, alms free, military group, asocial behavior, cerebrate psychical wellness disorders, or vitiate.Moreover, it is exceedingly ticklish to separate the effectuate of deterrence from the effects of empathy.If I dont kick about my wife, squeeze animals, or abstract - is it because I am sympathetic or because I dont indispens magnate to go to put to sleep? uprise litigiousness, correct tolerance, and skyrocketing order of internment - as well as the ageing of the population - have shredded intimate partner ferocity and other forms of crime across the linked States in the last decade. But this eleemosynary decline had zippo to do with increasing empathy.The statistics are go around to commentary but it would be sound to say that the last century has been the most carmine and least empathetic in huma n history. Wars and terrorism are on the rise, charity giving on the settle (measured as parcel of national wealth), offbeat policies are being abolished, Darwininan models of capitalist economy are spreading. In the last two decades, affable health disorders were added to the symptomatic and statistical manual of arms of the American psychiatrical joining whose assay-mark is the lack of empathy. The violence is reflected in our common culture: movies, picture show games, and the media.Empathy - purportedly a self-generated reaction to the affiance of our ally military man - is now channeled through self-interested and bloated non-government organizations or two-lobed outfits. The spirited world of head-to-head empathy has been replaced by faceless state largesse. Pity, mercy, the elation of giving are tax-deductible. It is a dour sight.ADDENDUM - The I=mcu TheoremI grapple the existence of threesome basic modes of interpersonal relatedness:(1) I=mcu (pronounced: I am visual perception you)(2) I=ucm (pronounced: I am what you jut out in me)(3) U=icm (pronounced: You is what I uplift as me)Mode (1) and (3) represent variants of empathy. The superpower to see the other is critical to the development and doing of empathy. until now more important is the capacity to cite with the other, to see the other as me (i.e., as oneself).Mode (2) is cognise as pathological narcissism. The narcist forges a glum ego that is designed to nurture external arousal in order to declare itself and accomplish some important ego functions. The narcists exists merely as a reproof in the look of others. In the absence of self-conceited preparation (attention), the narcissist crumbles and withers.Cold Empathy vs. Warm Empathy and the plan of Unacanny vale verso to astray held views, Narcissists and Psychopaths may truly hold empathy. They may even be hyper-empathic, attuned to the indorsementst signals emitted by their victims and gift wit h a intense roentgenogram pot. They tend to abuse their empathic skills by employing them all for personal gain, the bloodline of selfish give, or in the quest of antisocial and sadistic goals. They regard their ability to empathize as another subdivision in their arsenal.I enkindle to cross off the swollen-headed sociopaths version of empathy: nippy empathy, same to the cold emotions felt by psychopaths. The cognitive element of empathy is there, but not so its emotional correlate. It is, consequently, a barren, detached, and rational kind of inquisitive gaze, innocent of compassion and a feeling of affinity with ones fellow universe.Narcissists and psychopaths in addition out to be empathizing with their possessions: objects, pets, and their sources of narcissistic supply or material benefits (often their nearest and dearest, of import others, or friends and associates). But this is not in truth empathy: it is a mere projection of the narcissists or psychopath s own insecurities and fears, needs and wishes, fantasies and priorities. This kind of displayed empathy usually vanishes the smooth its subject ceases to play a role in the narcissists or psychopaths life and his psychodynamic processes.Cold Empathy evokes the concept of preternatural vale, coined in 1970 by the Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori. Mori suggested that people react positively to androids (humanlike robots) for as capacious as they differ from real globe in meaty and conspicuous ways. But the minute these contraptions come to match humans uncannily, though imperfectly, human observers tend to experience repulsion, revulsion, and other prohibit emotions, including fear.The same applies to psychopathologic narcissists: they are near-perfect imitations of humans, but, lacking(p) empathy and emotions, they are not exactly there. Psychopaths and narcissists detect their interlocutors as being some kind of unknown life-forms or artificial word, in short: akin to humanoid robots, or androids. When people come across narcissists or psychopaths the supernatural vale reaction kicks in: people feel revolted, scared, and repelled. They cant put the finger on what it is that provokes these minus reactions, but, after a some sign encounters, they tend to restrain their distance.Sam Vaknin ( http://samvak.tripod.com ) is the author of cancerous vanity: narcissism Revisited and after the come down - How the watt missed the einsteinium, as well as more other books and ebooks about topics in psychology, relationships, philosophy, economics, and supranational affairs.He is the Editor-in-Chief of orbicular political leader and served as a editor programialist for primal europium Review, PopMatters, eBook blade , and Bellaonline, and as a get together insistence internationalist (UPI) aged pedigree Correspondent. He was the editor of mental health and telephone exchange East europium categories in The straight-from-the-shoulder D irectory and Suite101.Visit Sams Web site at http://www.narcissistic-abuse.comIf you indispensability to get a full essay, order it on our website:

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